Literature Review Meaning In Bengali

Malechová's work and Kümmerling-Meibauer's study show how CS is being extended to analyze media and visual codes, respectively. At the time of writing, the author could not find articles in any library and information science journals on code-switching. This study aims to fill that gap by providing examples of CS by foreign-born students in an academic library context. For librarians working with multilingual populations, it is important to be aware of CS and how populations use their languages to consume information and media in academic libraries. While there are no articles specifically on code-switching in library and information science journals, there are a range of works that look at language issues in libraries. Measurement of health related quality of life is increasingly being used in clinical trials and health services research ; measuring health related quality is particularly important for measuring the impact of chronic diseases .

These HRQoL questionnaires can be divided into generic and specific measures . Generic measures are not specific for any disease or population, and such measures can be used across various diseases. Specific instruments are specific for a disease, a population of patients, ascertain functions, or for a problem . Major advantages of generic instruments include their ability to assess a variety of health domains and to compare HRQoL across different populations, regardless of underlying conditions. Among the generic measures, the Medical outcome study 36-item Short form Health survey developed by Ware and Sherburne in the United States is the most widely used and has been validated in many countries, including Bangladesh .

After more than 10 years of experience with the SF 36 it is reported that it is lengthy, and that some participants may have problems to understand the questions. Then the SF 12v1 was developed which utilizes only 12 items drawn from each of the eight subscales of the SF 36 and having the same performance. It was validated for example in nine European countries in Iran and Morocco in the general population .

More recently, the SF 12v2 has been described which makes some questions easier than SF 12v1. The performance of SF 12v2 has been reported to be comparable to that of SF 36 while having the advantage of being easier and quicker to complete . The SF 12v2 has already been translated and evaluated in many countries . Questionnaires are the most commonly used techniques for collecting health related information in clinical studies as these are inexpensive, easy and simple to apply and may be used to measure large numbers of health outcomes. There are about 261.5 million Bengali speaking people all around the world and it is the sixth language according to population . Both at present as well as in the future, there is a need for a valid, reliable and reproducible instrument to compare results and experiences of various therapeutic interventions in such a large population, with different centers.

Though the Bengali version of the SF 36 is available still no cultural adaptation and validation of the SF 12v2 has been done in Bengali. There are other barriers that potentially stop languages flourishing in England. Pupils who take part in exchange programmes sometimes feel demotivated when they compare their own linguistic ability with that of their peers abroad. Multiple studies show that pupils learning English abroad begin to do so between the ages of 6 and 8.

They spend more time on languages and most continue studying languages until the end of compulsory education. For example, compared with the EU average, the amount of time spent by English pupils learning languages was an hour a week less for the first foreign language and 2 hours a week less for the second foreign language. Pupils' levels of attainment are clearly based on more than simply their number of hours spent studying languages, however. It is likely to also be influenced by issues of motivation and pupils' perception of the subject, the quality of transition between primary and secondary, and poorly designed curriculums that do not allow pupils to make progress and see success.

TIS and face-to-face interpreters seem to be complementary, as both services meet different needs among patients. One solution that combines the rapid response of the TIS with the images and non-verbal information of the presence-based situation, while simultaneously limiting costs, would be to contact the interpreters by video-conferencing . Recent work by Krystallidou shows that the gaze, gestures, and orientation of the body of participants are valuable resources for interpreters to help them guide interactions between participants . The TIS used in our study performed 156 interpreting services via video-conferencing compared to 330,000 telephone interpreting sessions in 2020 , so there is a room for increased use of the video component. In our study, the participants had a positive view of the fact that they could not be identified by the interpreter. René de Cotret and colleagues have made recommendations for developing videoconference-based remote interpreting .

As it is spreading, additional studies seem warranted to identify the place that video-interpreting should take in primary care for allophone migrants. Initially coined by sociolinguists, the term code-switching refers to the alternation of languages by multilinguals. Code-switching is an active research area that has significant implications for academic libraries. Using data from focus groups and a survey tool, this paper examines language preferences of foreign-born students for particular information tasks.

The main finding is that students' culture and language represent an active influence on and important part of their identity, information consumption, and academic socialization. The author discusses the practical implications of these findings on academic library services in relation to ACRL's 2012 Diversity Standards Cultural Competency with an emphasis on standard 6, linguistic diversity. The language barrier in healthcare has primarily been studied in the hospital setting, i.e. emergency admissions or during hospitalisation , with the focus often on an analysis of the costs versus the benefits .

Nevertheless, their study focused on health care costs, not on patient satisfaction or patients' representations about the interpreting service. Our study provides complementary insights, since participants unanimously agreed that the TIS was useful, and helped to make the exchange of information easier, ensuring that the information was exhaustive for both parties. According to our results, TIS makes it possible to facilitate access to primary care for allophone patients.

The basic research question the author investigates is whether there are types of information activities and places where multilingual students code-switch. The data analyzed here, from focus groups and a survey, show how code-switching works in relation to topics of concern to academic libraries. Librarians are interested in providing access to resources, creating a friendly and welcoming environment, and accommodating the behaviors and preferences of the library's users.

This paper provides qualitative and quantitative evidence that foreign-born students who use academic libraries do switch languages when communicating and use different languages for different kinds of information tasks. A foray into the 19th century children's literature enables us to problematize both the notion of children and their literature. Interestingly, gender and class issues were mostly elided in the early publications. Some of the later publications were more specific—often times including both boys ad girls but targeting a wide range of readers from age seven to seventeen and beyond.

While we may surmise who the reading public would be there was hardly any mention of the lower social orders as a consumer of this new literature. In the past decade South Asian history has produced a rich body of literature, particularly on colonial Bengal, on the changing roles and expectations of women. More importantly, children and childhood both remain unproblematized and hence are treated as stable categories in these earlier studies. Due to the enormous growth of information and technology, the digitized texts and data are being immensely generated. Therefore, identifying the main topics in a vast collection of documents by humans is merely impossible. Topic modeling is such a statistical framework that infers the latent and underlying topics from text documents, corpus, or electronic archives through a probabilistic approach.

Though many researchers have researched this field, only a few significant research has been done for Bangla. In this literature review paper, we have followed a systematic approach for reviewing topic modeling studies published from 2003 to 2020. We have analyzed topic modeling methods from different aspects and identified the research gap between topic modeling in English and Bangla language. After analyzing these papers, we have identified several types of topic modeling techniques, such as Latent Dirichlet Allocation , Latent Semantic Analysis , Support Vector Machine , Bi-term Topic Modeling . Furthermore, this review paper also highlights the real-world applications of topic modeling. Several evaluation methods were used to evaluate these models' performances, which we have discussed in this study.

We conclude by mentioning the huge future research scopes for topic modeling in Bangla. Basim Uddin Ahmed, Ananta Akash Podder, Mahruba Sharmin Chowdhury and Mohammad AbdullahAl Mumin. This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.

Because of the scarcity of interpreting resources, telephone interpreting services have become widespread since they first appeared in the 1970s . While TIS present certain advantages, namely convenience, ease of access to qualified interpreters, and cost-effectiveness , some situations may not be amenable to the use of TIS. Wang et al. highlighted at least three such situations, all related to healthcare management, namely conversations with high emotional content, conversations about life or death, and medical settings . TIS also face other challenges related to technical difficulties (e.g., poor sound quality), lack of training (e.g., managing three-way communication over the phone), and working conditions (e.g., low pay and isolation) . According to Gracia-García, "a good interpreter at a distance is better than a bad one up close or none at all" . Nevertheless, in a systematic review, Joseph et al. concluded that current evidence does not suggest that any one particular mode of interpreting is superior to all others .

Given that TIS is a valuable service in a multicultural society, it deserves more attention in interpreter education, since it requires specific interpreting skills . The nineteenth century was by no means the golden age of children's literature in Bengal. But it witnessed the emergence of a nascent field that will constitute one of the strongest literary movements in colonial and postcolonial India. The literary productions for children in the early 19th century acted as a palimpsest in which the new concerns of the new Bengali intelligentsia were registered. The movement started out with a drive for educating the new generation—to make the latter "modern" by making them aware of the marvels of science and by informing them of what was going on in their immediate and greater surroundings. This endeavor to inform, educate, and mould children was a concerted effort of the representatives of the colonial state, the missionaries, and the newly emerging colonial intelligentsia.

Needless to say, towards the close of the century children's journals became the early repositories of nationalist ideas and sentiments, as evinced in the writings of Bepin Chandra Pal and others. The form, format, and content of this new literature, although touching upon several subjects, did not betray a wide variety of genres or styles in the nineteenth century. But who were the children for whom this collective body of literature was produced? Who were the founding fathers of this literary movement that delineated a new culture of childhood?

To what extent was children's literature in colonial times a "derivative discourse"? Or, can we deem children's literature as "border thinking" (å la Walter Mignolo) by the subaltern subject? To answer some of these questions we need to examine, at least in some depth, the history of what evolved as children's literature in Bengali. This review explores the literature relating to the field of foreign languages education. Its purpose is to identify factors that contribute to high-quality school languages curriculums, assessment, pedagogy and systems. We will use this understanding of subject quality to examine how languages are taught in England's schools.

Transition between primary schools and secondary schools is reported to be inconsistent. In 2020, the survey report 'Language trends' noted that 46% of respondents from state secondaries said they had no contact with primary schools with regard to languages. In addition, 74% reported that they receive no data on pupils' prior attainment. Almost 70% of respondents state that in key stage 3, some pupils start a different language than what they studied at primary level. Just 4% of secondary teachers say that all pupils in Year 7 continue with the same language learned at primary school.

Indeed, the report states that 'more often than not, language learning at key stage 3 starts from scratch'. 'Language trends', the annual survey report by the British Council, highlights some more issues within secondary schools. In 2019, the survey noted that the trend to bring forward GCSE choices to Year 8 in some state schools has meant that 'large numbers of pupils are receiving only 2 years of language teaching in key stage 3 in secondary school'. It also notes that '33% of state secondary schools have groups of Year 9 pupils whose language education has already effectively been terminated'.

It discusses the main challenges that we face, including the decrease in uptake of languages over the years. It notes that, although languages as a subject is pressured, it is also pivotal to the success of the national English Baccalaureate ambition. The proportion of boys, disadvantaged pupils and those with special educational needs and/or disabilities engaging in languages after key stage 3 is low. Staff expertise, curriculum planning, time allocation and transition are cited as barriers at key stage 2. Pupils' motivation is discussed as a focus to help languages to flourish.

This includes the need for pupils to feel successful in their learning and that they are clear about their next steps. The short stories of this phase, compared to those written prior to independence, were far more pro-people and more concerned with politics. The liberation war, the pains of a large segment of the frustrated middle class freedom fighters, erosion in the rural and urban life and lack of peace in family life surfaced again and again in the short stories of this period. Many of the writers were themselves freedom fighters and had had personal experience of the war.

The armed struggle of the people of Bangladesh against the repression and genocide committed by the occupation army provided inspiration to the writers. The first anthology of short stories on the freedom struggle' Bangladesh Katha Kay was published from Kolkata by Abdul Gaffar Choudhury. Later, some similar books published from Dhaka included Bashir Al-Helal's Pratham Krishnachuda , Abul Hasnat edited Muktiyuddher Galpa and Harun Habib edited Muktiyuddher Nirbachita Galpa . Plays Unlike other branches of literature in this phase, plays did not flourish to any significant extent. Religious and social taboos about plays as well as various limitations in staging them thwarted the development of drama.

Most plays of the time were based on historical stories, completely detached from the realities of contemporary life. Poet Jasimuddin used folklore to create Padmapar, Madhumala and Beder Meye. Outside these two trends, nurul momen created Nemesis depicting a superb picture of the contemporary life. In terms of theme and structure, Nemesis was regarded as the first successful play of Bangladesh. Askar Ibne Shaikh is particularly remembered for writing social plays. He wrote quite a few plays based on the realities of rural life including Padaksep, Bidrohi Padma, Duranta Dheu, Birodh, Agnigiri, Anubartan and Pratiksa, all written between 1951 and 1959.

Of particular interest is the thematic variety of these plays, which include historical plays as well as plays of political protest, plays based on folktales and those containing poetry and satire. A literature review is an overview of the previously published works on a specific topic. The term can refer to a full scholarly paper or a section of a scholarly work such as a book, or an article. Either way, a literature review is supposed to provide the researcher/author and the audiences with a general image of the existing knowledge on the topic under question. A good literature review can ensure that a proper research question has been asked and a proper theoretical framework and/or research methodology have been chosen. To be precise, a literature review serves to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the reader.

In such case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work. Widely used in information retrieval, topic extraction, and document analysis. Unlike long texts from formal documents, messages on SNS are generally short. Traditional topic models such as LDA or pLSA suffer performance degradation for short-text analysis due to a lack of word co-occurrence information in each short text. To cope with this problem, various techniques are evolving for interpretable topic modeling for short texts, pretrained word embedding with an external corpus combined with topic models is one of them.

Due to recent developments of deep neural networks and deep generative models, neural-topic models are emerging to achieve flexibility and high performance in topic modeling. However, there are very few research works on neural-topic models with pretrained word embedding for generating high-quality topics from short texts. In this work, in addition to pretrained word embedding, a fine-tuning stage with an original corpus is proposed for training neural-topic models in order to generate semantically coherent, corpus-specific topics.

An extensive study with eight neural-topic models has been completed to check the effectiveness of additional fine-tuning and pretrained word embedding in generating interpretable topics by simulation experiments with several benchmark datasets. The extracted topics are evaluated by different metrics of topic coherence and topic diversity. We have also studied the performance of the models in classification and clustering tasks. Our study concludes that though auxiliary word embedding with a large external corpus improves the topic coherency of short texts, an additional fine-tuning stage is needed for generating more corpus-specific topics from short-text data.

Among the European countries, France rates second in terms of the number of asylum seekers entering the country . The health status of migrants is often adversely affected by their vulnerable situation, and represents a major public health issue . The native language of many migrants is often not the language spoken in the country where they are arriving.